Who Does Lindy Hop Belong To?

My response to this post here.

From my experience, African diasporic dances created outside the USA are treated better than African diasporic dances birthed in the USA. As an example, at the ballroom studio, where I started dancing swing, they taught us that merengue came from the Dominican Republic. Swing (i.e. labeled "jitterbug" at the time), no history.

There's another studio here where the African diasporic dances birthed outside the USA are labeled by their given names. For their special Lindy Hop class with a Lindy Hop instructor, it was promoted as Jitterbug.

At one of Denver's establishments, Lindy Hop is known as America's dance born in Harlem named after Charles Lindbergh's legacy flight. It's encoded as Black (born in Harlem) though not explicitly said where it's owned by America (distinctly white) named after a white American. For years, it was also shared to thousands of people that Lindy Hop died and was saved by white people. It took a Black queer person two summers ago to demand that the white instructors say Lindy Hop is Black so the instructors started giving proper attribution in class. That Black person is gone so who knows what's been happening?

So when white-led swing dance groups will avoid saying this dance is called Lindy Hop and rose within the Black Harlem community where it's been long-practiced tradition, I understand your friend's point. There's cultural theft at every stage where you, the participant, are supposed to somehow understand that Blackness is implied.

Moving Together Across Generations

I recently learned about Swing Riot in Dunedin, NZ because someone shared they’re really good about incorporating families and children at their events. This sparked my curiousity and I learned this was part of their kaupapa, defined as: “Kaupapa means principles and ideas which act as a base or foundation for action. A kaupapa is a set of values, principles and plans which people have agreed on as a foundation for their actions.” Our contact there shared - “Our kaupapa for Swing Riot is to teach and promote the music and dance and share its history within our wider community so I see doing events for our smaller folks as part of that.”

I truly enjoy this concept and how it’s incorporated at Swing Riot. This information also came at a time when I’ve been thinking about how accessible swing dancing can be across generations and ability levels.

Three generations dancing together

I don’t know about you, dear reader, but how many times have you been experienced the questions of - isn’t Lindy Hop fast, athletic, rhythmically-challenging, bouncy, for young fit people? While it can be all those things, Lindy Hop can be so much more - chill, cool, smooth, glidey, elegant or calm. These are just some of the reasons why we strive to demo a variety of ways to move your body while teaching diverse rhythms so you have tools to express yourself. Though sometimes the best tool could be saying “no, this song isn’t for me” :)

Regardless of where we teach, we strive to meet students where they’re at so they can have a good time dancing with each other. Holding a child? Take your time through a turn. Double amputee? Ask for balance support and let’s see what rhythms suit you. Injured right wrist? Let’s only use the left and see how creative we can get. Dancing on cobblestone? Let’s be chill, swing the rhythm through our bounce and forgo certain rhythms. Name of the game is mutually caring for each other and finding freedom with each other. Dancing Lindy Hop spans all ages and all abilities.

Marketing Materials - are they visually accessible?

Kyle Smith’s feedback on this initial visual design shared on this blog post lives rent-free in my mind especially as a parent - “Kenny, this looks like baby poo brown.”

It’s been ten years since we hosted Percolatin’ Rhythm, a free live music event created to introduce ourselves to the Five Points Neighborhood. I was struggling with the image design and likely lacked a budget to hire someone. It can be a bit rough sometimes not knowing how to express your need for assistance.

Fortunately, that color text against a black background rated a 15.43 according to this Colour Contrast Checker though the choice of an italics font is questionable. Visual accessibility is important for our overall mission to increase accessibility and awareness of Lindy Hop and other Black social dances. Here are some important tools friends have recommended I use.

Photopea

Free Adobe Photoshop equivalent which has an eyedropper tool. If you don’t know the hex color code, drop the file into Photopea and select the eyedropper tool to find out.

Color Checker Online Tools:

Knowing the colors you’re working with, you can use the following tools to assess which color combinations are best. For our branding, especially on Instagram posts, we’ve found it useful to play with Opacity settings in order to create better backgrounds for texts while still allowing the image to “shine” through.

Our preferences are Colour Contrast Checker since you can also test font sizes and types along with Coolors because it has resource material on Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG).

If I have doubts about my colors or typography (font type, size), I’ll run it by my friends more familiar with visual accessiblity and willing to provide feedback. It’s always important to check in and see if you’re providing all the information necessary for enhancing access for all people.

Interacting on Social Media

I recalled something today that a small business owner shared with me a couple months back - Kenny, they (a large market) don’t interact at all on their social media. No likes, no responses, nothing. They didn’t feel good investing their time with a company that couldn’t handle basic Instagram marketing.

From our perspective as a small business owner utilizing social media since 2014 and the learnings we’ve taken in during that time, you must interact on the platform in order to improve your reach and help leave users feeling heard and part of the ecosystem.

I should take a moment to say that, from my personal experience utilizing social media for my business, Facebook is the worse. Unless you’re checking your page’s account regularly, you might miss notifications like a cool follower or that someone wants to post in an event. It’s even worse if you’re running events from your personal account - just as it is on your profile feed, you may not be notified of a comment until you go in and check. But that’s the effort we strive for and amplify.

Here are our strategies on the individual platforms as a swing dance company mostly involved with collaborative partnerships, gigs and special one-off workshops:

Instagram

  • 1-2 posts/week. Interact daily in our feed with liking, commenting, reposting. Know I need to produce more reels edited by myself

Facebook

  • Create events on there and share to FB groups

  • Post 3-6x/week about history, dances, happenings we find inspiring, maybe a blog post

Reddit

  • Google AIO might still be looking for experts and cross-engagement on Reddit so we strive to be present here when questions pop up about swing dancing and music in Colorado. Rarely do we post since “swing” and r/Denver trolls do not quite go together.

Threads

  • A low effort platform for us but we have our Instagram auto-connected to forward IG posts to Threads.

  • We’ll sometimes interact but we haven’t figured out how to integrate Threads. Plus, social media can be overwhelming.

TikTok

  • Since we hardly create reel content, we barely post on TikTok. It’s nice every once and awhile but TikTok isn’t a push of ours. We will interact a bit but their algorithm rarely aligns with our interests unlike Instagram

WhatsApp

  • Described as a nice way to get 2-4 people out of a 300 person group. Feels much like MeetUp but I was advised by a member to just post events and be sure not to follow message notifications so as not to be overwhelmed.

Discord

  • Just joined this summer and still assessing. Nothing like the old b2b forums buzzing with activity.

Twitter

  • Used to have our Facebook page connected to Twitter so any of our posts would forward to Twitter. We were likely disconnected and definitely lost track of our account. This is a platform we see zero value in.

We Have A Venue Accessibility Form!

We have a venue accessibility form! Big thanks to Max, Von, Noelle and Addie for their contributions shaping this form. You’re welcome to view and perhaps fill out if you manage a venue that already works with us or wants to!

Since our first Lindy Bop event, we’ve been striving to create Accessibility Guides for the various venues where we host events. Others include -

As you can see, they are a work in progress and inconsistently include the venues we’ve worked with since March, 2025. One example is us needing to include parking information for Little Man (thanks, Noelle, for asking!). We appreciate the folks asking questions and commenting.

We’ll even include a blurb about Lindy Hop or whatever dance style we’re featuring so people can better plan ahead. Increasing access and providing information ahead of time is crucial.

Due to our learning process, I wanted to help us reduce leaving important access information from our guides so I compiled everything we’ve included from past forms and new ones like parking and, even more, recently lighting. So take a look! What do you think? Are there other accessibility factors we ought to consider?

Countering Erasure

Aja Burrell Wood, around 7:20 into this conversation centered around Jazz & Social Justice, talks about “music already being inextricably linked to our humanity” and then shares at 7:50 that “communities have to affirm themselves” because the “humanity of Black people in the United States was under fire, constantly under threat and constantly not recognized let alone not affirmed.”

This led us delving into Cultural Affirmation where we kept being pointed toward the topic of erasure, where Kevin Coval writes that “erasure is a kind of violence, and violence is one of the tenets of white supremacy.” And erasure can harm us all. We can lose out on learning kinesthetic and cultural elements, we might be forced to assimilate into a singular ideal shaped by white supremacy.

Examples of erasure within the Denver swing scene include “The Death of Lindy Hop” and “The Swing Revival” as conveyed by Denver Swing Dance’s site in 2015 which echoed how many talked about Lindy Hop. Generations of Black folks continued to dance Lindy Hop but their contributions mostly went unacknowledged as organizers favored storytelling centering white viewpoints. Or organizers, such as ourselves, continued masking the name Lindy Hop under appropriated names.

As Fiveable shares on Cultural Affirmation, “affirmation fills in what is missing. It makes room for stories about ordinary life, resistance, joy, language, migration, religion, foodways, and political struggle. In other words, it widens the picture so a community is not reduced to one narrow image.”

So what are some ways to counter erasure and move toward affirmation? Here are some of our ideas:

  • Using dance names bestowed by the Black communities that helped form them such as Lindy Hop

  • Share that these dances, the music, the songs, the personal stylings were forged by being in community. While we love celebrating individuals (and we still can), we find it’s important to center them within the community. This is a good post to read if you have access to it.

  • Engage in robust storytelling by telling fuller stories yourself, bringing in an expert or organizing a group outing to a place like Black American West Museum & Cultural Center. Another good resource is Chisomo and Bobby’s vlog, Integrated Rhythm, especially their latest (at time of writing), "Bouncing at the Savoy.”

  • Identify and question dominant narratives as you ask - “who does this center and why?”

Think Like A Geographer - Marketing for Denver's Swing Scene

I’m currently reading Let This Radicalize You by Kelly Hayes & Mariame Kaba and Chapter 4 is “Think Like A Geographer” where they share the following from Ruth Wilson Gilmore:

“One of the things that thinking like a geographer can do is help people see, pull back the veil that makes something that’s social seem natural, and something that sometimes is natural, seem social.” Geography, she said, helps people ask the question, “Why is this place the way it is? Why is it like this?”

About My Vantage Point

I, Kenny, moved to Denver in January, 2005, eager to move to a bigger dance scene and improve my dancing, both Lindy Hop and West Coast Swing. The quality of dancers up and down the Front Range was superb.

By the end of my first or second month in town, I had co-organized the Colorado State Swing Championship, helping that event turn a profit for the first time in some years. From there I worked hard to be asked to join 23 Skidoo, started being part of the regular Mercury Cafe DJ rotation, founded my first national weekend event, taught workshops run through 23 Skidoo, and began teaching regularly at the Mercury Cafe in 2008 or so. I learned up close the marketing efforts Dan & Tiff were pouring into building up their business, their community. It made an impact on me that still resonates today and affects how I market Swingin’ Denver and shared my learnings when helping start schools in Melbourne and Madrid. I’m grateful too for my time within the Swing Patrol ecosystem in London, Berlin and Melbourne getting to see what this organization does which included showering King’s Cross Station with flyers in advance of new classes there, participating in borough parades and how they scouted venues.

Marketing Then

Daniel Newsome, a former Denver swing scene organizer, wrote on his now defunct website in a 2014 blog post titled Why Scenes Sometimes Succeed and Sometimes Fail,

“There is a mindset I see frequently that I call ‘fighting over how to split up $.25 instead of making $1 for everyone.’ I would encourage anyone who needs to work with other promoters, venues or dance schools to try and build their own markets. Try to increase the size of your community, not subdivide it further. If you have a love for what you do and a vision for a better community, I assure you that there are enough students and dancers for everyone.”

From my point of view, him and Tiffiny Wine were go-getters, growing swing nights at the Mercury Cafe into the well known venue behemoth some of us recall it as.

He also talks about the concept of seven touches and they had the resources and drive making this happen. “There is a rule in sales that you must ‘touch’ someone 7 times before they become a client. A touch can be a seeing an advertisement of yours, hearing about you from a friend, an email, a phone call, a Facebook invite etc. make sure that you’re pushing out enough information about your classes and dances that people will hear about it more than once and ideally 7 times.”

Dan’s aforementioned linked blog post shares how much marketing materials they had plus two college students driving all over metro Denver leaving flyers so people could discover swing nights at the Mercury Cafe. You can see the typical investment they made HERE with images of their Guys and Dolls Workshop material. There were such a variety of touch points for people to discover that the Mercury Cafe was the place to be for a wide swath of individuals first discovering swing dancing.

Another great place to peer into the past is using the Wayback Machine tool for 23Skidooland.com and DenverSwingDance.com. You can also catch a glimpse of the forum with 1,000+ users back when every swing scene had a b2b board.

Marketing Now

Marketing then did a lot to grow and support Denver’s swing scene because, from my POV, Denver Swing Dance, as built by Tiff & Dan, was where scene participants could gather physically and digitally to dance, socialize, get snarky and discover new events. But technology evolves, lifestyles change, exhaustion can set in, new organizers spring up.

Things have been feeling quieter pre and post-pandemic on the marketing front. Print marketing materials are slim, websites are outdated, little progress has been made treating better the Black social dances we dance. New(ish) elements that have been pleasant surprises include:

  • Sticker nights through Swing Nights launching in 2023

  • The Triplestep starting and continuing in ground level public spaces and being an inspiration with their social media marketing

  • Four calendar guides - DenverLindyCal, DenverDanceCal, Alpine Groove Guide, the live Google Doc of local dance events that’s cooperatively sourced.

  • Blackness and Blues events at Move With Ease (suspended operations)

  • The immense hustle Joseph Snowhawk lays down promoting his swing dances at the Avalon and how he treats his musician talent.

People speak of fractures but when your main informational hub and gathering space pulls back from their monumental efforts, folks will create new communications methods while others disperse. And, as is shared in Let This Radicalize You:

“As important as these (social media) platforms are, overdependence on them weakens our movements. We need to practice a diverse spectrum of outreach methods in digital spaces and in physical spaces, and we need to do skill-buillding work in our movements around those methods. Sometimes, we need to be literal about meeting people where they are at. Think about all the places people congregate in person and remotely where conversation is possible, from restaurants to school, parks, porchees, places of worship, street fairs, text message threads — and so many more.”

Compare current marketing efforts to this book excerpt - are we meeting people where they’re at so they can organically be introduced to an opportunity to learn how to Lindy Hop? Are organizers sharing their events in Colorado Swing Dance, Denver Jazz Scene, Five Points Neighborhood or Denver Dance Classes (as examples for where people are)? Are organizers providing more than a week’s advanced notice as to who is teaching or providing music (as of 7/18/26, 9 days after publishing, some lead times of 7-10 days being seen)? How and where do citizens discover swing dancing?

Transactional Relationships

Or does it feel that organizers expect you’ll support them simply because they exist? Do they want your allegiance and, if so, what do you receive from giving it?

Around two years ago, I was in the room with a local company’s operations director and social impact administrator as they discussed the feeling they were engaging in transactional relationships with their customer base. In other words, it weighed on them that they weren’t promoting their events more than two weeks in advance which meant they weren’t getting their customer support base excited nor amplifying new customer discovery potential. While paying for the performing talent is an investment, it’s only a piece of the puzzle. To them, it perhaps felt like they were seeking short-term gains instead of cultivating a sustainable community where it invests in the participating people.

Marketing the future

As scene participants contemplate Denver’s venue disruptions which includes Colorado Swing Dance Club’s July 3 closure and Swing Nights losing The Pearl, I find marketing to be a concern. Again, Dan has some great advice from this 2014 blog that’s worth exploring. I’d also encourage the following:

  • Explore how The Triplestep started and grew with intentionality

  • Broaden who you follow within your “capital C” Community. If you’re following mostly dancers instead of local establishments, you’re likely only viewing content from people you know through the dance scene. That’s fine to support your friend but you also need to build your audience.

  • Interact with your Community, meaning local businesses, Front Range venues, adjacent scenes, content creators you like. And by interact, I mean like and like back, comment, repost, share to story, share content you like on your Facebook page, etc. Be a participant, give back, be a supporter and cheerleader. If you’re an organizer, pop into your IG settings and review your interactions. If you’re a community member, consider interacting with your swing orgs’ posts, reposting what’s happening, sharing directly with a friend, even seeing who they’re following and supporting in case you’d want to do the same.

  • Create printed materials (pay artists, avoid AI and generic Canva images modeled after white bodies) and distribute heavily!! Increase marketing, increase accessibility.

  • Ask for advice from a wide range of scene participants. If you don’t know all the spaces where people interact, ask and find out. Develop your curiosity.

  • Share dance opportunities in dance, music and neighborhood Facebook groups.

  • Create a Google Business Profile, market there, add photos, utilize the announcement option

  • Invest in advertising with Google and/or Meta

  • Consider offering discounted dance lessons on Groupons and equivalent platforms

Summary

There are so many ways to market and it’s exhausting to do it well in order to create a sustainable gathering place. It’s why I don’t run weekly classes and monthly dances anymore outside of Swingin’ Denver’s strategic partnerships.

When I suspended our 2022 events ahead of my holiday market work and second child’s birth, I had some hope to restart. It literally felt like I was getting up from a reclining position on the sofa to only sink back down. I knew I couldn’t market to the fullest of my ability and didn’t know who to ask, who to rely on. Marketing well, in my opinion, is consuming, tiring work and there’s still the uncertainty if there will be a payoff, whether emotional and/or financial.

While I accepted seeing my marketing mentors pull back all those years ago, I didn’t understand it. I do now. I get it. And they were in a good position to pull back. Over the years it seemed a scarcity mindset eventually set in and entrenched itself rather than gathering enough ingredients to make more “pie.” The students are out there. They just need as many touch points as possible to find you.

Financial Story of the Inaugural Lindy Bop

Have you ever wondered about the financials of running an event? Max S, Von B and I (Kenny N) would like to share the details of running Lindy Bop, an event we co-organized together February, 2025.

Why Lindy Bop?

Lindy Bop was conceived to be a safe space for those that value Black history, solidarity with workers, internationalism, accessibility, liberation and joy. Three distinct elements brought these aspects forward:

  • The event copy - “Come dance and celebrate Black History, Black Ourstory, and Black Futures!”

  • An accessibility guide

  • Max’s welcoming speech centering the night on freedom with each other, liberation and joy

Financial Breakdown

We hope that providing this event’s financial transparency might also inspire others to run their swing events centering Black American social dances. Please note that we collectively decided to donate profits to The Abolition Garden and the instructors chose to donate their time.

For payment convenience, we provided three in-person payment methods - credit card, venmo and cash along with a pre-purchase option via Humanitix instead of Eventbrite since we value their mission-forward platform. Although we set the ticket prices low to increase financial accessibility, if we were to repeat this event in the future, we would consider the practicality of sliding scale ticket prices so that anyone who wants to attend can.

The Labor Involved

Additional labor included designing social media posts using Canva, creating marketing copy, sending out at least one email newsletter, sharing the event with friends and acquaintances, recruiting volunteers, prepping class material, bringing PA equipment and planning safe space contingency plans. 

In summary

Another note is that our event ended up running during a heavy snowfall which led to reduced attendance. In the end, we felt fulfilled and gladdened about our collaborative event.





Resources for "Is Charleston A Swing Dance"?

From our response on Westie Discussion of the Day:

It is a swing dance and it can also be defined as a vernacular dance (meaning you make visible African-American rhythms on the dance floor) or a traditional dance (something that is rooted in tradition, but wholly alive).

One good resource is Margaret Batiuchok's dissertation (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rUe7jHb0c7VFlu8fNL-cgYe0pv4IYk3P/view?usp=sharing) featuring Black Lindy Hop elders with information such as "Frankie Manning said Lindy came from the Collegiate which looked like closed position Charleston"

Another resource is iLindy discussing the connection between Charleston and Geechee culture - https://ilindy.com/blog/origins-of-the-charleston/ - thanks to enslaved Africans being able to keep a greater portion of their West African traditions due to being isolated from white slaveholders.

I'd also recommend Steppin' on the Blues: The Visible Rhythms of African American Dance (Folklore and Society) as it builds correlations between HBCU marching band culture, Charleston, solo jazz and the concept that Moncell Durden often talks about that you carry your cultural heritage in your blood DNA which is why you'll see seemingly "unrelated" though related movements occur within Black dance traditions.

This leads me to Moncell Durden's documentary Everything Remains Raw - https://www.moncelldurden.com/film.

Exploring 6 vs 8-Count Patterns

A Redditor recently posed the questions on the r/swingdancing sub-reddit -

“Since many students have asked for it, we will teach a class (beg/int level) with this topic: How do dancers recognize the difference between 6 and 8 count steps?

Our final goal is to understand: It is not about 6 or 8, it is just about: Is the next one a step-step or a triple step.

How do you approach this topic? Any good excercises, you would teach? Any good ressources/videos which would help us to prepare this class?”

Here are some thoughts we had and shared:

  • dance to lots of music, giving students freedom to explore

  • walk the room, making observations, personally noting success with students, making inquiries when it appears that the outcome was different than one of the partners may have been wanting for themself and explore that.

  • acknowledge that how you make African-American rhythms visible on the dance floor (Jacqui S. Malone's definition of vernacular) is up to the individual though you'll provide rhythm ideas as the teacher

  • one place where we discuss rhythm choices is the passby - it can be accomplished with the QQSS rhythm or QQS triple step or QQ triple step triple step rhythms.

  • a place for decisions related to the length of a pattern likely along with rhythm choices is the send out and gather. You could do a send out much like an 8 count gliding step made linear where the indication to keep going is the leader adding to the momentum to get a walk walk. And for the students, it's good to note that we're co-creators in this event rather than having "gotcha!" moments.

For a visual example on how the second to last suggestion is employed, we have this recap video of our Beginner Lindy Hop class where we’re teaching a variety of patterns, rhythms and dances. Note that the triple step on the passby is a choice either partner can make and it might feel like a call to the other partner to respond to. Whether you do or not, is up to you!

So what do you think of our suggestions?